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I am searching for lessons on the synoptic gospels. I hope to answer the following questions:

 
1.  Why are three so similar and John is not?
2.  What specific stories are told in Matthew, Luke and Mark and how are they similar and how are they different?
3.  Why are Matthew, Mark and Luke referred to as the synoptic gospels?
 
Can you provide some resources to answer my questions?
1 Samuel 15:22 - What kind of sacrifice pleases God? What does He reject?
My wife said something to me last night that raised my eyebrow. She said when Jesus died (was crucified), that he came back to life (in the flesh) and walked the earth for 81 days. I know that when Jesus died, his soul arose from the dead. But not in the flesh.  Which is right?
Concerning the timeline of the Lord's appearances after His resurrections given in the four gospels, Matthew says that Mary Magdalene and the other Mary came to the tomb as it began to dawn (Luke also lists Joanna). John only mentions Mary Magdalene. Clearly there were other women there and the Holy Spirit makes that clear in the other passages. In trying to understand the sequence of events by studying each of the gospels, there appears to be a couple of different possible timelines. What are your thoughts?
Doesn't the Bible indicate that God has already chosen those He will save, we just do not know who they are, because we do not have the "foreknowledge" spoken about in the Bible?